![]() In nonstationary states, the entropy defect similarly acts as a negative feedback, or reduction of the increase of entropy, preventing its unbounded growth toward infinity. In stationary states, the consequent thermodynamics generalizes the classical framework, which was based on the Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy and Maxwell–Boltzmann canonical distribution of particle velocities, into the respective entropy and canonical distribution associated with kappa distributions. We show that these properties provide a solid foundation for the entropy defect and for generalizing thermodynamics to describe systems residing out of the classical thermal equilibrium, both in stationary and nonstationary states. In physics, entropy is the thermodynamic magnitude that allows calculating the part of heat energy that cannot be used to produce work if the process is reversible. Specifically, the entropy of a pure crystalline substance in the perfect order which is at absolute zero temperature is zero. ![]() And we can say that in all cases it is determined only by the number of different ground states it has. The entropy defect determines how the entropy of the system compares to its constituent’s entropies and stands on three fundamental properties: each constituent’s entropy must be (i) separable, (ii) symmetric, and (iii) bounded. The entropy that is of a system at absolute zero is typically said to be zero. This defect is closely analogous to the mass defect that arises when nuclear particle systems are assembled. The entropy defect quantifies the change in entropy caused by the order induced in a system through the additional correlations among its constituents when two or more subsystems are assembled. This paper describes the physical foundations of the newly discovered “entropy defect” as a basic concept of thermodynamics. ![]()
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